The Great Wall is one of the largest and most celebrated achievements of ancient China, with 19 different dynasties, contributing to its construction from the 7th century BC to the 16th century AD.
The Great Wall is the longest wall and consists of many sections. It is unparalleled in the world in scale and span of construction, meandering from the east to the west of China like a giant dragon. It traverses a changing topography of deserts, grasslands, plateaus and mountains.
The Quick Facts About The Great Wall
- Chinese name: 长城/万里长城（Cháng Chéng, Long Wall /Wàn Lǐ Cháng Chéng, Ten-Thousand-Li-Long Wall）
- Location: Northern China
- Length: 21,196 kilometers (13,171 miles)
- History: Over 2,700 years
- It had been built over 2,000 years by 19 different dynasties.
- It is the longest fortification ever built anywhere in the world.
- In December 1987, the solid stone fortification was listed as a World Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO.
- The existing Ming (1368-1644 AD) Great Wall traverses the 9 provinces and municipalities of Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu.
Where is the Great Wall of China located?
The Great Wall starts at Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu Province, and meets the ocean at Hushan Mountain of Liaoning Province. There are over 101 sections remaining in 15 provinces and cities. The top 3 popular sections around Beijing are:
| Section | Features | Facilities | Driving hours from Beijing | Activities | Duration | Physical demands (out of 5) | Crowds (out of 5) | Tourist develop-ment | Fit for |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mutianyu | uniquely designed |
cable cars up/down and option of tobogganing down | 1.5 | tobogganing down, hiking, sightseeing | half-day to a day | 2 | 4 | fully restored |
ordinary visitors |
| Jinshanling | quiet with amazing vistas | cable cars | 2.5 | hiking, photography | a day | 3 | 2 | restored and wild | ordinary visitors |
| Simatai | steep | cable cars ; battery carts; zip-line; boats | 2 | hiking, photography, zip-line to Simatai’s West; boats on the reservoir up to the East Tower | a day | 4 | 3 | wild | ordinary hikers |
All sections of the Great Wall are listed as follows:
- Beijing (9 sections): Badaling, Mutianyu, Juyongguan Fortress, Jiankou, Gubeikou, Simatai, Jinshanling, Huanghuacheng, and Shuiguan.
- Gansu Province (7 sections): Dunhuang (the Han Great Wall), Jiayuguan Pass, Juyan Fortress, Yangguan Pass, Yumenguan Pass, Overhanging Great Wall, and Shandan.
- Shanxi Province (6 sections): Guguan Pass, Niangziguan Pass, Ningwuguan Pass, Pianguan Pass, Pingxingguan Pass, and Yanmenguan Pass.
- Hebei Province (4 sections): Shanhaiguan Pass, Xifengkou and Sandaoguan, Zijingguan Pass, and Zhangjiakou City.
- Shaanxi Province (3 sections): Yulin, the Great Wall of the Wei Dynasty, and Zhenbeitai.
- Liaoning Province (2 sections): Hushan and Jiumenkou.
- Tianjin (2 sections): Huangyaguan Pass and Taipingzhai.
- Ningxia Province (1 section): Sanguankou.
Who Built the Great Wall?
The Great Wall had been built over 2,000 years by 19 different dynasties from the 7th century BC to the 16th century AD. 4 people played most important roles: a Duke of the Zhou Dynasty: the (Pre-) Warring States Period (770–221 BC), theFirst Emperor of the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC), the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) and General Qi Jiguang of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).
A Duke of the Zhou Dynasty started to build the wall, so other state overlords also built state border walls. The First Emperor of Qin linked the Great Wall sections in Northern China. The Emperor Wu extended the Great Wall west to Yumen Pass and beyond. And General Qi Jiguang rebuilt the Great Wall around Beijing. Some Great Wall sections around Beijing you see today were rebuilt by him.
In keeping with its immense size, the Great Wall involved an unprecedented number of laborers, and met with a great many difficulties in its construction. Experts estimate that during the reign of the first emperor of Qin (246-210 BC), one in twenty people were forced to join this construction project. Who were they?
According to historical records, the builders of the Great Wall were comprised of three groups: namely soldiers, peasants and convicted criminals.
Nearly 300,000 soldiers were summoned by the first emperor of Qin as a major labor force to take part in the construction. Countless peasants who could not bear the burden of various kinds of tax were forced to physically shoulder heavy stones and help build the Great Wall.
In addition, convicts who had committed crimes ranging from homicide to tax evasion, as well as prisoners of war, were all punished with ‘Wall-duty’.
Lots of people were force to built the Great Wall, so there are many sad stories happened at that time. The most widespread one is "Meng Jiangnv bringing down the Great Wall with tears".
Why the Great Wall Was Built?
- To protect the Chinese Empire
- Act more as a psychological barrier between the northern and southern civilizations
- To protect Silk Road Trade
1. The original aim of this fortification was to protect the Chinese Empirefrom incursions conducted by barbarian nomads from the north. The Wall did partially serve its purpose as a military barricade in ancient China, especially in the age of hand-to-hand combat.
2. However, it seldom actually stopped invaders from entering China. Instead, it acted more as a psychological barrier between the northern and southern civilizations, and as a symbol of China’s endurance.
3. Another purpose of the Great Wall was to strengthen border control. This included levying tax duties on goods imported or exported from the Silk Road, and controlling domestic and foreign trade, andmigration across the border.
What are the Construction Materials of the Great Wall?
- Glutinous rice, bricks, stones, wood and earth
Most sections of the Great Wall were crafted from materials that could be found locally, like bricks, stones, wood and earth. Even more interestingly, certain materials used would be the last things to serve as construction materials today, such as glutinous rice which was often incorporated in the mortar as adhesive. This shows the resourcefulness and creativity of the people of ancient China.
How They Transfer the Construction Materials?
Though the precipitous mountain ridges added extra defensive value to the Great Wall, they also caused great difficulty in the transportation of construction materials for the laborers. There is well-documented evidence that three major strategies were chosen to tackle this problem.
Manpower
Back in that less-developed period, laborers had the main responsibility of carrying stones, earth, and bricks up to the mountains on their own. More often than not,these building materials were relayed up mountain slopes from one man to the next, which reduced transportation time and effort.
Primitive Tools
Wheelbarrows helped laborers transport materials on flat paths, while on sheer mountain ridges, ropes and pulley block systems were implemented to deliver heavy objects over the mountains.
Animals
Such as goats, donkeys, and horsesalso acted as supplementary transportation in delivering construction materials at that time. Since these animalswere said to be expert at climbing mountains and carrying heavy loads, people tied baskets filled with building materials on their horns or their backs, and drove them up the mountains.
How the People of Ancient Times Built the Great Wall?
It is hard to imagine how men of old completed such a gigantic project without advanced transportation and modern building technology! No wonder scholars regard the Wall as evidence of the wisdom of ancient China.
During the process of erecting the Wall, ancient laborers took full advantage of geography by using the mountains and rivers in the area as natural defenses, which they fortified with countless watchtowers, garrison towns, beacon towers and blockhouses. These fortifications were used for observation and communication during wars.
Which Section is the Best to Visit?
It depends on your needs!
Mutianyu section is the most child-friendly and it is also accessible to wheelchair users.
For those who want to visit the most famous section of this fortification,Badaling section is a must-visit place.
While if visitors are intend to enjoy the view with fewer crowds, they could choose the relatively less popular sections but also with splendid scenery, such as Mutianyu, Huanghuacheng, Jiankou and Simatai sections.
What is the best time to visit the Great Wall of China?
- Spring (April to May) and autumn (September to October)
They are the ideal seasons to visit this great fortification. The temperature of those periods is either too hot or too cold and leads to quite amazing scenery at the same time.